医疗领域人工智能应用的研究进展＊

人工智能引发了医疗领域的数字革命，在推动行业发展方面具有极大潜力。本研究围绕临床诊疗、医学研究和公共卫生三个基本场景，聚焦人工智能与传统中医药的交叉与融合，并着重介绍人工智能在疾病诊断、决策支持、医学研究以及重大公共卫生事件中的应用。虽然人工智能在诸多方面显示出独特优势，但仍存在透明度不高、缺乏安全性评估和相关法律法规监管等问题需要谨慎解决，以促进人工智能技术在医疗领域的推广。     

从环境隐喻的角度看外感病的因机证治＊

外感病是感受六淫、疫毒等外界因素引起的疾病，现代医学认为其主要致病因素为细菌或病毒。在以肉身体验为主要认知手段的古代，中医学家不可能发现细菌或病毒的存在，因而中医学家往往以天人相应的整体观来把握认知外感病。由于外感病的发病与传播受到外界气候环境和社会环境的影响，尤与人体的内环境密切相关。有鉴于此，本文从“环境隐喻”的立场出发，对外感病发病的因机证治进行分析。外界的气候环境和社会环境容易被人们感受，而对于古代无法观察人体的内环境，作者借助《论语·季氏将伐颛臾》中“祸起萧墙”的故事，对人体内环境为何与外感病的发病关系密切作以阐释，并通过人参败毒散、达原饮等方证的案例式说明，揭示清理人体内外环境而达治疗外感病的机理。     

Monitoring vegetation dynamics using the universal normalized vegetation index (UNVI): An optimized vegetation index-VIUPD

This paper propose a universal normalized vegetation index (UNVI), which is an improved vegetation index (VI) based on the universal pattern decomposition method (UPDM), termed VIUPD. We also derive new matrices to facilitate convenient calculation of the UNVI based on data from the MODIS and Landsat-TM, ETM, OLI satellite sensors. We compared the performance of the UNVI to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2 (MSAVI2) to estimate the vegetation dynamics (chlorophyll content and leaf area index [LAI]). The results show that the UNVI was more sensitive to vegetation dynamics than the NDVI, EVI and MSAVI2. The UNVI has a higher LAI saturation point than the other three indices. The UNVI can be used to monitor global changes in above ground biomass (AGB) and gross primary production (GPP) with respect to a wide range of vegetation dynamics.     

Expression and prognostic value of FOXP1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

BackgroundForkhead box protein P1 (FOXP1) has been suggested as a prognostic marker in several malignant tumors. However, the significance of FOXP1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression pattern of FOXP1 in normal esophageal tissue and ESCC and to analyze the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of FOXP1 in ESCC.MethodsFOXP1 was detected by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarrays containing tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 270 ESCC patients with oncological follow-up data.ResultsNormal esophageal tissues predominantly showed an exclusive nuclear FOXP1 (n-FOXP1) expression pattern, and no exclusive cytoplasmic FOXP1 (c-FOXP1) staining was found. In ESCC, the expression rates of exclusive n-FOXP1-positive, exclusive c-FOXP1-positive, both nuclear and cytoplasmic positive and complete negative were 14.4%, 28.9%, 10.4% and 46.3%, respectively. High n-FOXP1 expression was significantly correlated with decreased postoperative recurrence and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). Furthermore, elevated c-FOXP1 expression was significantly associated with regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). High c-FOXP1 expression had an effect on shorter overall survival (OS) time, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that ESCC patients with high n-FOXP1 expression survived significantly longer than patients with low n-FOXP1 expression. Multivariate analysis confirmed that patients with high n-FOXP1 staining exhibit good prognosis and n-FOXP1 was an independent factor for ESCC prognosis.ConclusionsOur results suggest that FOXP1 plays an essential role in ESCC progression and prognosis and may be a useful biomarker for predicting survival.     

MicroRNA-301b-3p accelerates the growth of gastric cancer cells by targeting zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found to be aberrantly expressed and exert essential roles in the tumorigenesis and progression of gastric cancer (GC). miR-301b-3p has been recognized as a cancer-related miRNA in lung cancer, bladder cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the function of miR-301b-3p in GC progression and its underlying mechanism have not been studied yet. In this study, we found that miR-301b-3p expression was up-regulated in GC tissues compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. Furthermore, the elevated levels of miR-301b-3p were detected in GC cell lines (SGC-7901, AGS, MKN-45 and MGC-803) as compared with GES-1 cells. Interestingly, GC tissues from patients with tumor size ≥ 5 cm and advanced tumor stages showed obvious higher levels of miR-301b-3p compared to matched controls. Functionally, miR-301b-3p knockdown prominently inhibited cell proliferation, and induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase and apoptosis in MGC-803 cells. Meanwhile, ectopic expression of miR-301b-3p conversely regulated these biological behaviors of MKN-45 cells. Next, we found that miR-301b-3p knockdown increased, whereas miR-301b-3p overexpression reduced the expression of zinc finger and BTB domain containing 4 (ZBTB4) in GC cells. Accordingly, luciferase reporter assay identified ZBTB4 as a direct target of miR-301b-3p. ZBTB4 overexpression markedly restrained the growth of MGC-803 cells. More importantly, ZBTB4 silencing partially reversed miR-301b-3p knockdown-induced tumor suppressive effects on MGC-803 cells. In conclusion, we firstly revealed that miR-301-3p was highly expressed in GC and contributed to tumor progression via attenuating ZBTB4, which might provide a novel molecular-targeted strategy for GC treatment.     

Health-Related Quality of Life in KEYNOTE-010: a Phase II/III Study of Pembrolizumab Versus Docetaxel in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced,Programmed Death Ligand 1–Expressing NSCLC

Introduction

In the phase II/III KEYNOTE-010 study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01905657), pembrolizumab significantly prolonged overall survival over docetaxel in patients with previously treated, programmed death ligand 1–expressing (tumor proportion score ≥ 1%), advanced NSCLC. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) results are reported here.

Safety of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in a Phase 3, randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical trial among Chinese women during 90 months of follow-up

Background

A quadrivalent human papillomavirus (qHPV) vaccine (HPV6/11/16/18) has demonstrated efficacy and acceptable safety in international studies. However, these studies did not include participants from mainland China, which has a substantial burden of HPV-related disease. This is the first safety report with a follow-up period of up to 90?months from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of qHPV vaccine in Chinese women 20–45?years of age.

泌尿外科医务人员感染新型冠状病毒的路径及其影响

目的分析泌尿外科医务人员感染新型冠状病毒的路径、途径、诊断与治疗及其心理反应,为泌尿外科从业者突发公共卫生事件中预防感染提供参考。方法以武汉大学中南医院泌尿外科感染新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)的3名医生和3名护士为调查对象,采用专用问卷及访谈相结合的方法,从感染路径、感染途径、可能的感染因素、首发症状、确诊后的诊断与治疗、感染后心理情绪的变化等方面进行研究。结果全部纳入6位被感染的医护人员,直接或间接被1例患新型冠状病毒肺炎的血尿患者所感染。主要的感染因素为对该病的不知情导致意识及防护不足所致。最主要的症状为发热。确诊后均得到了及时、有效的诊断和治疗,使用最多的药物为抗病毒药盐酸阿比朵尔。确诊后被感染人员的心理压力和情绪均发生了很大的变化,引起变化的首位原因为对自身疾病的担忧。均建议医院从应急方案和工作流程、开展全员培训、医务人员防护、关注医务人员健康这4个方面进行改善。结论泌尿外科属于低风险的感染科室,需进一步加强应对突发性传染性疾病的培训及提升相关的意识,特别是在传染性疾病高峰时节应做好相关防护。     

有限元评估尖顶距与股距尖顶距对股骨转子间骨折髓内钉内固定术后稳定性的影响

文题释义：尖顶距：是指术后即刻的正、侧位X射线片上拉力螺钉尖至股骨头颈中轴线与股骨头关节面交点的距离之和，并校正放大率后所得值，以毫米为单位。目前较为主流的观点是尖顶距值≤25 mm可有效减少拉力螺钉切出股骨头的可能性。股距尖顶距：股距尖顶距是在尖顶距的基础上提出的。正位片上，于内侧皮质做一条平行于股骨颈中轴线的切线，该线与股骨头关节面的交点至螺钉尖端的距离即为正位片上的股距尖顶距；侧位片上，为拉力螺钉尖至股骨头颈中轴线与股骨头关节面交点的距离；将正、侧位片上的股距尖顶距相加再予以校正后得到股距尖顶距的值。股距尖顶距更强调正位片上偏下的螺钉位置。 背景：尖顶距被广泛应用于预测拉力螺钉切出的可能性，但是一些临床研究发现在正位片上当拉力螺钉位于股骨头中心偏下的位置时更稳定，于是为了更准确评估拉力螺钉位置, 提出了股距尖顶距的概念，但是其应用价值还需要进一步验证。 目的：利用尖顶距和股距尖顶距的标准公式，将拉力螺钉放入股骨头内不同的区域，应用有限元方法对模型的稳定性进行评估并对比。 方法：利用CT影像数据建立左股骨有限元模型，用3D扫描加建模建立捷迈解剖型髓内钉内置物有限元模型，按照尖顶距15，20，25，30，35 mm将拉力螺钉分别放入股骨头内中间区域和前上、前下、后上、后下5个对应的象限，建立24个内固定模型。同时计算当拉力螺钉位于股骨头中间时对应的股距尖顶距，将拉力螺钉放入后上、后下、前上、前下4个象限，建立16个股距尖顶距模型。然后给模型垂直向下的力，比较以尖顶距和股距尖顶距为标准建立的有限元模型的稳定性。结果与结论：①以尖顶距为标准置入拉力螺钉，当拉力螺钉位于前上象限，尖顶距为35 mm时，股骨头最大轴向位移与无拉力螺钉时差值最小，为0.008 205 5 mm，当拉力螺钉位于股骨头后下象限，尖顶距为20 mm时，股骨头最大轴向位移与无拉力螺钉时差值最大，为0.023 524 0 mm。以股距尖顶距为标准置入拉力螺钉，当拉力螺钉位于前上象限，股距尖顶距为37.886 mm时，股骨头最大轴向位移与无拉力螺钉时差值最小，为0.008 794 1 mm，当拉力螺钉位于股骨头后下象限，股距尖顶距为25.256 mm时，股骨头最大轴向位移与无拉力螺钉时差值最大，为0.023 183 2 mm。②将拉力螺钉按照尖顶距和股距尖顶距的标准放入股骨头内，拉力螺钉位于股骨头中心偏后上方时，股骨骨折近端的最大主应力增高明显，平均值分别为82.339 4，79.118 8 MPa；拉力螺钉位于股骨头中心偏后下方时，股骨骨折近端的平均最大主应力值减小，分别为49.535 9，49.642 8 MPa。提示：在评估尖顶距和股距尖顶距对股骨转子间骨折髓内钉内固定模型稳定性的影响时，股距尖顶距并未较尖顶距表现出明显优势；股骨骨折近端的稳定性受到拉力螺钉位置的影响更大，当拉力螺钉位于股骨头下后象限时，稳定性最好。ORCID: 0000-0002-7707-3553(乔文) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节；骨植入物；脊柱；骨折；内固定；数字化骨科；组织工程